The scientific-practical Law Journal
“Almanac of Law” Volume 14 (2023), 220-226 p.
DOI: 10.33663/2524-017X-2023-14-220-226
Kvasha R. S. The problem of types of violence in the criminal law of Ukraine.
The problems of violence and its types in domestic legal science do not lose their relevance, especially today, when the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine has been going on for more than a year, accompanied by numerous acts of violence of various types. In addition, Russia uses sexual violence as a weapon of war. During the war, the level of particularly violent crime increases significantly. Today’s violence is very different from what prevailed in the last century. One of the reasons for the transformation of violence is globalization as one of the main determinants of the emergence of new types of criminal violence. At the same time, a clear differentiation of types of violence has not yet been developed in criminal law science.
In the latest edition of the project of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (January 30, 2023), which was developed by the working group on the development of criminal law of Ukraine, it is proposed to fix the definition of the concept of «violence» in the following wording: «violence is physical influence on another person, in particular by striking, beating, using acoustic, light, thermal or chemical factor or restriction of her personal freedom». The working group, defining the concepts of «violence» and «threat», includes in the content of these concepts what is currently covered by two main types of violence, namely physical and mental. This approach has been criticized, since it is impossible to mix such a type of violence as mental with the latter type – a threat.
It is well known that violence is a complex phenomenon of social reality, which has a dualistic nature and various external manifestations in the form of acts of external human behavior. Violence has two main types, namely physical and mental violence. All other types of violence distinguished in the theory of criminal law of Ukraine and criminology are covered by one of them.
It is also possible to propose the following classification criteria for distinguishing types of violence, which are not exhaustive. Depending on the addressee: direct violence, in which violent actions harm only the victim, and indirect violence, when harm is caused to people close to the victim in order to influence the latter’s behavior. Depending on the method of distribution, it is advisable to distinguish between offline violence, which is used «faceto-face», and online violence, which can take place using the capabilities of the Internet.
Until February 24, 2022, scholars considered conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence an international crime or a war crime. Obviously, with the beginning of a full-scale invasion, the problem of this type of violence requires a separate scientific study within the framework of criminal and international law.
Key words: violence, criminal liability, intent, physical violence, mental violence, psychological influence, coercion, war crime, international crime, gender-based violence, sexual violence, financial violence, illegal behavior, violent crime, victim.
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